Mō te kaituhi
Tākuta Mohamed Zahir He tohunga ira ngota ia, he kaiwhakaako hoki i te Tari Matū Koiora me te Koiora Ngota i te Whare Wānanga Hauora me ngā Pūtaiao Āpiti o Muhimbili (MUHAS) i Tanzania. Ko tana mahi e arotahi ana ki te whakatairanga i ngā ira tangata me te rongoā ira i Āwherika mā te rangahau, te whakangungu me te whakauru kaupapa here.
Ina kōrero ngā kaipūtaiao o Āwherika mō ngā arai nekenekehanga, ka huri te kōrero ki te haere ki Ūropi, ki Amerika Te Raki rānei. Nā ngā whakaroa me ngā whakakorenga visa kua kore ai ngā kairangahau e tae atu ki ngā huihuinga, e tango karahipi me te whai wāhi atu ki ngā hui e whakatauhia ai ngā take e pā ana ki te pūtaiao o Āwherika. Kei te piki haere te mōhiotia o tēnei raruraru, tae atu ki te Kaunihera Pūtaiao o te Ao, e te tirotiro i te pānga o ngā here visa ki te nekehanga o ngā kaipūtaiao o te ao.
Ko te mea kāore i te tino arohia, ko ngā arai ōrite kei roto tonu i Āwherika.
Hei tauira, i te tau 2023, i whakaritea kia tae atu ētahi kaipūtaiao o Nigeria ki te hui tuatahi o te Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa i te Whare Wānanga o Witwatersrand i Johannesburg. Kāore i tukatukahia ā rātou visa i te wā tika, ā, i tae mai tā rātou visa i te rā i mutu ai te hui (Nakweya, 2024).
Ehara tēnei i te haerenga mai i Āwherika ki Ūropi, ki Amerika Te Raki rānei.
He rōpū kairangahau Āwherika e ngana ana ki te haere ki tētahi hui pūtaiao Āwherika i tētahi atu whenua Āwherika.
E whakaatu ana tēnei take i tētahi raruraru whānui ake. Kei te haumi a Āwherika ki ngā whatunga rangahau ā-rohe, ki ngā pokapū hiranga, ki te whakangungu paerua, ki te ira tangata, ki te whakarite mō ngā mate urutā, ki te pūtaiao āhuarangi me ētahi atu wāhanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mahi tahi puta noa i ngā rohe. Heoi, ko ngā kairangahau e tumanakohia ana kia mahi i ēnei pūnaha, tera pea ka raru tonu rātou i ngā tukanga visa roa, i ngā wā tukatuka kāore i te tino mārama, i ngā ratonga kaunihera iti me ngā rerenga utu nui, i ngā rerenga kore tika rānei.
Kāore he hapa o ngā kaupapa here o te whenua nui e whakamana ana i te hiranga o te whakauru. Agenda 2063 e karanga ana kia whakauruhia a Āwherika, e tautokona ana te whanaketanga e te pūtaiao, te hangarau me te auahatanga, me te hapori e ahu mai ana i te mātauranga. Te Tikanga o te Uniana o Āwherika mō te Nekeneke Noa o te Tangata e whakarato ana i tētahi anga mō te nekehanga o te tangata puta noa i te whenua, tae atu ki ngā ākonga me ngā kairangahau. Ko te Mākete Waka Rererangi Kotahi o Awherika i whakatūria hei kaupapa matua o te Agenda 2063 hei whakapai ake i te hononga me te whakaiti i te utu haere i waenga i ngā whenua o Āwherika.
Kua whakatūria kētia e Āwherika tētahi anga kaupapa here nui mō te whakaurunga ā-rohe. Ko te wero inaianei ko te whakamāori i taua tirohanga ki ngā wheako o ia rā o ngā kairangahau e haereere ana puta noa i te whenua nui.
te Pūrongo Whakatuwheratanga Visa o Āwherika 2025, i hangaia ngātahitia e te African Development Bank me te African Union Commission, e whakarato ana i te pikitia mārama rawa atu o te āhuatanga o nāianei. E aromatawai ana i te kaupapa here visa e whakamahia ana e ia whenua o Awherika ki ngā tāngata whenua o ia whenua o Awherika, e wehewehe ana i waenga i te urunga kore visa, ngā visa e wātea ana i te taenga mai, me te whakamanatanga e hiahiatia ana i mua i te haerenga.
E whakaatu ana te pūrongo e 28.2% o ngā huarahi haereere i roto i Āwherika kāore he visa i te tau 2025, he pikinga mai i te 20% i te tīmatanga o te taupū i te tau 2016. He ahunga whakamua nui tēnei. Ko te maha o ngā huarahi haereere whenua-ki-whenua kāore he visa i eke ki te rekoata 814 i te tau 2025, ki te whakaritea ki te 803 i te tau 2024.
Engari he wāhanga noa iho tēnei o te kōrero e kōrero ana i tēnei whakapainga. I te tau 2025, e 51.1% o ngā haerenga ki roto i Āwherika e hiahiatia ana he visa, he whakaaetanga rite rānei i mua i te wehenga, he pikinga mai i te 47.1% i te tau 2024. I heke te urunga ki te visa ina tae mai mai i te 24.8% ki te 20.4%, ko tōna taumata iti rawa mai i te whakatūnga o te taupū.
E whakaatu ana ēnei tatauranga kāore te ahunga whakamua i te rārangi, i te ōrite rānei. Kua tino whakatuwheratia ngā rohe e ētahi whenua, ko ētahi kua whakauru i ngā whakaritenga hou, kua neke rānei i ngā visa i te taenga mai ki ngā whakaaetanga hiko. Ahakoa he māmā ake te whiwhi i te visa hiko i te visa pepa tuku iho, me whakaae tonu i mua i te tīmatanga o te haerenga a te kaihaerere. Mō te kairangahau e tatari ana ki te haere ki tētahi hui, ki tētahi kaupapa whakangungu poto rānei, kāore pea te rerekētanga e pai ki te kore e tae mai te whakaaetanga i te wā tika.
He rite tonu te whakamiharo o ngā rerekētanga ā-rohe i roto i te whenua o Āwherika. I kitea i roto i te Pūrongo Whakatuwheratanga Visa 2024 e 99% o ngā kaupapa here visa he kore visa i roto i te Hapori Ōhanga o ngā Whenua o Āwherika ki te Hauāuru (ECOWAS). Ko te whika ōrite ko te 17% i roto i te Mākete Kotahi mō Āwherika ki te Rawhiti me te Tonga, me te 14% i roto i te Mana Whakahaere ā-Rohe mō te Whakawhanake. I roto i Āwherika whānui, ko te urunga kore visa he 20.3% noa iho.
E whakaatu ana te ECOWAS ka taea te nekeneke whānui ā-rohe ina whakatinanahia ngā herenga tōrangapū ki roto i te mahi. Ko ngā wheako rerekē puta noa i ētahi atu hapori ā-rohe e whakaatu ana hoki he aha te take he hē ai te kōrero mō te nekenekehanga o Āwherika me te mea he rite tonu ngā āhuatanga i ngā wāhi katoa.
Ahakoa kua whakaaetia te urunga, tera pea ka uaua tonu te tae atu ki tētahi atu whenua o Āwherika. He iti ngā hononga tika i waenga i ngā tāone o Āwherika, he nui ngā utu, ā, ko ētahi haerenga me hono atu mā Ūropi, mā te Rawhiti o Waenganui rānei.
Kua whakaahuahia e te International Air Transport Association he wero motuhake te hononga i roto i a Āwherika, me ngā ratonga tika iti me ngā utu nui e pā ana ki te haereere puta noa i te whenua. I kitea i roto i tana rangahau mō te whakawātea i te mākete rererangi he maha ngā mākete rererangi ā-roto o Āwherika i herea tonutia e ngā whakaaetanga takirua, ahakoa te whakatinanatanga o te Whakataunga a Yamoussoukro i te tau 1999 – he tiriti maha-taha i whakaaetia e ngā minita o Āwherika hei whakakore i ngā ture mō te kawe waka rererangi me te whakatuwhera i ngā mākete rererangi ā-rohe ki te whakataetae ā-ao. I whakatau te pūrongo mā te whakatuwhera i ēnei mākete ka taea te whakanui ake i te auau o ngā huarahi, te whakaiti i ngā utu me te tautoko i ngā mahi ōhanga whānui.
Kua kitea kētia ngā tauira o ngā mea ka taea te whakatutuki i roto i te hononga pai ake. Ko te whakawātea i waenga i a Āwherika ki te Tonga me Kenia i honoa ki te pikinga o te 69% o te haere o ngā pāhihi. I muri mai i te whakaurunga o tētahi ratonga utu iti i waenga i a Johannesburg me Lusaka, i heke te 38% o ngā utu whakaheke me te pikinga 38% o te haere o ngā pāhihi.
He mea ōhanga ēnei kitenga, engari he pānga tika ki te pūtaiao. Kāore e taea e te whatunga rangahau te mahi whai hua mēnā he nui te wāhanga o tana tahua e pau ana i ngā hui o ia rā. Ka ngaro te uara o te kaupapa whakangungu ā-rohe ina me eke ngā kaiuru ki ngā rerenga maha kia tae atu ai. Tērā pea ka tukuna he whai wāhitanga nui ki te kaipūtaiao taitamariki engari kāore e taea te whakamahi nā te mea he nui ake te utu rererangi i te mea ka taea e te tahua te kapi.
Kua pai ake te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mā ngā hui mariko, ā, me noho tonu hei wāhanga o te mahi tahi pūtaiao. Heoi anō, kāore e whakakapi i ngā whakatakotoranga taiwhanga, ngā mahi mara, ngā whakangungu haumanu, te tāutanga taputapu, ngā haerenga tukatuka tauira, ngā taunekeneke ōkawa rānei e hanga ana i te whakawhirinaki me ngā hononga mahi tahi mō te wā roa.
Ko te hiahia kia aro atu ki te nekenekehanga ka puta i tēnei wā e kaha haere ana te mahi tahi a te pūtaiao o Āwherika. Kāore e taea te aro turuki i ngā mate pipiri, te ātete ki ngā huakita, te huringa āhuarangi, te kanorau koiora, te haumarutanga kai, te One Health me te rongoā ira ira anake i roto i ngā rohe o te motu.
H3Āwherika (Te Ira Tangata me te Hauora i Āwherika) he tauira whai hua. I tautokohia e te kaupapa ngā rangahau i arahina e Āwherika mō te ira tangata, me te hanga kaha i roto i ngā taiwhanga, te hangarau koiora, ngā tikanga matatika me te peeke koiora puta noa i ngā whenua maha. Kāore i ahu mai tōna uara i ngā kaupapa takitahi anake, engari i te hono atu i te tohungatanga me ngā hanganga kua horapa puta noa i te whenua.
Kei te piki haere te hiranga o tēnei tauira nā te mea kāore i te ōrite te tohatoha o te kaha pūtaiao. E ai ki te Pūrongo Pūtaiao a UNESCO 2021, tata ki te 14% o te taupori o te ao i ahu mai i Āwherika ki te tonga o te Sahara, engari 0.7% noa iho o ana kairangahau. E kī ana te pūrongo kotahi kei te piki haere te mahi tahi pūtaiao o te ao, inā koa mō ngā raruraru pēnei i ngā mate urutā, te huringa āhuarangi me te ngaronga o te koiora, e kore nei e whakaute i ngā rohe.
I ngā wāhi kāore i te ōrite te tohatoha o ngā tohungatanga motuhake me ngā hanganga rangahau puta noa i te whenua, mā te mahi tahi ka taea e ngā whenua te tohatoha i te kaha me te whakamahi pai ake i ngā haumitanga o nāianei. Koinei te huarahi e tohatoha ai ngā whenua i ngā pūkenga motuhake, e whakamahi pai ake ai i ngā hanganga utu nui, e waihanga ai i ngā whai wāhitanga kāore e taea e tētahi umanga anake te whakarato.
Ko te tikanga, ko te hanganga rangahau he mea mārama ki ngā tikanga ā-tinana: ngā taiwhanga, ngā tūāpapa raupapatanga, ngā whare rorohiko, ngā taputapu me ngā pūnaha raraunga. He mea nui ēnei, engari kāore e mahi motuhake ana i te hunga kua whakangungua ki te whakamahi.
Me mōhiotia te nekenekehanga pūtaiao hei wāhanga o taua hanganga.
Ahakoa he taputapu matatau kei tētahi taiwhanga, ka heke tōna uara mēnā kāore e taea e ngā tohunga te haere ki te whakangungu i ētahi atu, ki te whakatau rānei i te whakamahinga o taua taiwhanga. Tērā pea ka whiwhi pūtea nui tētahi rōpū ao whānui, engari ka puhoi tōna ahunga whakamua mēnā kāore e taea e ngā kairangahau te hui, kāore e taea e ngā ākonga te uru atu ki ngā whakangungu ā-rohe, ā, kāore e taea e ngā tīma kaupapa te neke i waenga i ngā wāhi. Mā te nekenekehanga ka whakatau te whai huatanga o te tohatoha o te mātauranga, ngā pūkenga me te hangarau.
Kua whakaae kē te Kaunihera Pūtaiao o te Ao ki te herekoretanga o te nekehanga hei tetahi o ngā tūāpapa o te whai wāhi atu ki te pūtaiao. tūranga mō te nekenekehanga pūtaiao e kī ana he uaua, he utu nui, he kore e taea te matapae i ngā tukanga visa, ā, ka pā kino ki ngā hui, ki te whakaako me te mahi tahi ki te rangahau. E karanga ana hoki ki ngā whakahaere pūtaiao kia whakaarohia te urunga ki te visa ina whakatau ana ko tēhea te wāhi e tū ai ngā hui.
Me āta whakamahi tēnei mātāpono i roto i Āwherika.
Kua whakawhanakehia e Āwherika tētahi turanga kaupapa here pakari mō te nekehanga herekore. Ko te kaupapa matua ināianei ko te whakamaori i ēnei herenga ki ngā mahi whai hua hei tautoko i te mahi tahi pūtaiao.
Ka taea e ngā kāwanatanga te whakauru i ngā tikanga tere mō te haereere pūtaiao kua manatokohia, te whakarite kia matapaetia, kia mārama hoki ngā pūnaha whakamanatanga hiko, me te haere tonu ki te whakatinana i ngā herenga nekeneke ā-rohe o nāianei. Ka taea e ngā hapori ā-rohe te tirotiro he aha i pai ai te mahi a ngā herenga nekeneke noa i ētahi rohe engari he ngoikore tonu i ētahi atu. Me aromatawai ngā kaiwhakahaere hui i te urunga ki te visa i mua i te whiriwhiri i ngā wāhi me te whakauru wawe ki ngā mana whakahaere manene. Me whakarite pūtea pono ngā kaituku pūtea mō te haereere ā-rohe, me te tuku i te ngāwari ina pāngia te tuku kaupapa e ngā whakararuraru visa, rererangi rānei.
Me tuhi hoki e ngā whare pūtaiao te utu o te herekore o te nekenekehanga. Ko ngā hui i ngaro, ngā whakawhitiwhiti kōrero kua whakarērea me ngā kaupapa kua whakaroahia, he maha ngā wā ka kiia he raruraru haere takitahi, ā, ka ngaro atu i ngā tuhinga whakahaere. Ki te kore he taunakitanga pai ake, ka ngāwari tonu te wareware i te pānga ki te hua o te rangahau, te whakangungu me te mahi tahi.
Kua tino angitu a Āwherika i roto i te whakapakari i ana umanga pūtaiao, te haumi ki ngā hanganga rangahau me te hanga whatunga rangahau ā-whenua. Kua whakapuakina hoki e ia tētahi tirohanga nui mō te whakaurunga ā-rohe mā roto i ngā kaupapa pēnei i te Agenda 2063, te Free Movement Protocol me te Single African Air Transport Market. Ko te wero e whai ake nei ko te whakarite kia ngāwari te neke a ngā kairangahau ki te whai i ngā mahi tahi e tumanakohia ana kia hangaia e rātou.
rangitaki Pikitia na Mohamed Nohasi on Unsplash
Whakakape
Ko ngā kōrero, ngā whakaaro me ngā taunakitanga e tukuna ana i roto i ā mātou blog manuhiri, nō ngā kaituhi takitahi ēnei, ā, kāore e whakaata i ngā uara me ngā whakapono o te Kaunihera Pūtaiao o te Ao.
Pānuihia atu mō te whakarāpopototanga o te Pūtaiao Tuwhera: te pupuri i te tuwhera i roto i tētahi pūnaha rangahau e hurihuri ana Pānuihia atu mō te whakarāpopototanga o te Pūtaiao Tuwhera: te hanganga huna i muri i te whakahoutanga rangahau Pānuihia atu mō Kei te hanga tātou i ngā hanganga mātauranga ā-ao mō te ao kei a tātou, mō te ao rānei e ngana ana tātou ki te waihanga? 